The Greek And Greek Influence Of The Roman Empire

Another empire would soon take many influences from the Greeks. In Rome, an empire was beginning to rise. Roman civilization had its roots in Hellenistic culture because they idolized them. They borrowed and enhanced upon the Greek intellectual accomplishments. As the empire expanded this would become increasingly important. As the Romans continued to expand their empire and influence, they were also spreading the culture of those who influenced them—the Greeks. The Roman Empire at their peak had a vast control over much of the Mediterranean and into Europe—controlling much of Britain, Spain, France, the North African coast, much of Asia minor. Within these regions they had vast numbers provinces where they would allow rule the local†¦show more content†¦These effects reached from China, India, the Middle East, and some portions of Africa. As different regions adopted new aspects of life, they further implement that into their culture. Then the as the culture grows, it grows with the influences adopted form that of the Romans—who borrowed it form the Greeks. Similarly, with the Romans and Macedonians their conquest and implementation of their culture was the main source of the spread of Hellenistic culture. However the combination of controlling more regions and being more involved with global trade, the Romans were able to further expand Greek influence than those before them. Soon the Roman Empire began to decline and an even more impactful implementation of Greek culture began to arise in a region to the east. As the Roman Empire fell and small Kingdoms began to arise throughout Europe, in a different region of the world, an intellectual revolution began and flourished. During a period between the eighth and ninth centuries, the Islamic world of the Middle East Experienced its â€Å"Golden Age†. This was a period of advancements in the sciences, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. The main source contributed to these advancements is from the Greeks. However this Golden Age may have been delayed for many years if not for a man named Mamun. Mamun was a Caliph who wouldShow MoreRelatedGreek Influence on the Roman Empire Essay2942 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe. Greek culture influenced the development of Roman civilization because at first Rome absorbed ideas from Greek colonists in southern Italy, and they continued to borrow from Greek culture after they conquered Greece. Ancient Greece has had an enormous amount of impact on culture in the western world. For this reason, ClassicalRead MoreSimilarities Greeks and Romans Essay896 Words   |  4 Pages| This document is about the similarities and differences between Ancient Greece and Rome. | Comparisons and differences between the Ancient Greeks and Romans The Ancient Greeks and Romans both began their histories as city-states. While the coastline and the mountainous terrain of the Greek peninsula isolated the various Greek cities from one another, the city of Rome was located in the middle of north-south boarder. Bordered on the east with mountains and on the west by the seaRead MoreThe Differences Between Greeks And Romans1225 Words   |  5 PagesGreeks and Romans civilization achievements were put into the categories of politics, religion, and intellectualism. Religion has performed a major role in developments of societies. The main points that will be discussed in this paper are the overall benefits and consequences of religion, and the changes that were made. The beginnings of Christianity are very blurry, as far as historical fact is concerned. The tragedy of the Roman invasion resulted in the Greeks having to change there out lookRead MoreThe Roman Empires Emulation of the Greeks1597 Words   |  6 Pagesa small clan of tribesman roaming south to attack and pillage villages and Roman settlements. Roman soldiers stand guard on a stone brick wall fortified to defend from barbarians to the north and formed a place for custom and trading posts. The invaders were limited by the height of the wall, with no way to flank their positions as the fortified line separated England from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. The Roman Empire expanded past Turkey into Egypt, an immense expansion that would only be rivaledRead MoreMediterranean Society Under Greek and Roman Influence Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesAs the Greek and Roman empires ascended immensely throughout the western world, new ideas changed the way the Mediterranean Society handled things, which were spread across the globe. â€Å"The rise of the series of city-states of classical Greece began in the ninth century B.C.E. and during the late sixth century B.C.E, Rome’s development as a republic began as Etruscan society declined†(Bentley et al, 2008 p.132, 145). The development of these empires encouraged cultural circulation, blending the cultureRead MoreAncient Greece And Roman Civilizations790 Words   |  4 Pagesancient Greek society would practice beliefs and traditions that would lead to the development of advanced civilizations. It started as the Greeks beliefs which would help develop the Roman society, which would later lead to contributing to the development of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines would help influence Europe during the Middle Ages, and Europe’s ideas and practices would lead to helping and impacting the modern western civilization with their ideas and beliefs. The Greeks showed influenceRead MoreEssay on The Roman and Grecian Effects on Society1261 Words   |  6 Pagessociety that reflect empires fr om early in human history. Much influence can be found from the Roman and Grecian empires, more than from any other sources. The basic forming of our own government can be traced back to the ideals that formed the Roman and Greek governments, paying attention their strengths and also to what caused the demise of those societies as well. (teachergenius.teachtci.com) Let us examine the Roman influences and facts first. Roman Governmental Influence: There was almost aRead MoreThe Greek And Roman Civilizations830 Words   |  4 Pages . The Greek and Roman Civilizations were quite similar in their Art, their Women’s Rights, and their Geographic location. The Greek believed their painted, sculpted and carved depictions of the people should be absolutely perfect. Especially the men. They found that the physical form was most pleasing to the eye and wanted to accentuate that beauty and deliver it through art. They sought out to present infinite elegance. Flawless statues and paintings showedRead MoreGreek s Influence On The Roman Way Of Life976 Words   |  4 PagesGreek’s Influence on the Roman Way of Life It is no secret that the Greeks have made a huge impact on how the Romans lived their life. The Romans very much admired the way the Greeks did life, and did a fine job of adapting it. â€Å"Rome showed an extraordinary talent for adopting and adapting the best of other cultures: Etruscan and Greek† (Fiero 165). Time after time, we see that the past cultures have effect on future cultures and the way of living. The past cultures is sort of like a trial and errorRead MoreAncient Greeks And The Roman Empire1085 Words   |  5 Pages by the Ancient Greeks, in a day.† (Crest) Ancient Greece was founded in 800 B.C. and was seen to be the first technical, civilized society. Within this society there were large advances in art, poetry and technology. Despite these advances Greece finally fell to the Romans in the Battle of Corinth in circa 146 B.C. and was established as a Province of the Roman Empire. This occupation, by the Empire of Rome inside of Greece was a symbolic moment of their history. The Romans witnessed the success

Differences between family in western and eastern culture

As I stand here in the middle of the dance floor at my brother s wedding, listening to the very Punjabi bhangra music blasting on the wall speakers, I walk the fine line between being conservative Indian - those of Ivy League chemical engineering PhD s, of having no less than 50 cousins, of spending every spare moment in life with family - and being a Westerner, coolly expressing my ever-apparent condescending attitude towards those of the East, looking in disgust at the seemingly uncouth Indian parents who smooch their children at every chance. I have been on this line my whole life, torn between two cultures - the Indian, and the American. The main differences between the two lie in the attitudes towards family, which eventually†¦show more content†¦This topic, of disrespecting elders, can be carried on ad nauseum by anyone who has seen the differences between the Eastern and Western cultures. The difference is striking. In India, were a parent to ask their child to vacate the living room, as family was about to visit, the response would almost invariably be Haa ji... abhi jhaatha hoon, meaning yes, of course... I will go right away. Let me recall an incident in the family living room during the summer of 1995 when my grandmother was visiting America (and a country other than India) for the first time. My younger brother, who had lived all his life in America, was having trouble tying his shoes, as he was only five years old. My grandmother, with the back problems, arthritis and all, bent down to help him. My brother, having just reached the tender age of five, put his fingers under my grandmother s chin, tilted up her head, and slapped her in the face twice. In case you are in shock, which is likely, read that sentence again - it actually happened. I know, of course, that this is in no way typical, but it is hard not to see the difference that growing up in the two different cultures can have. There are, of course, the negatives to the Indian side of my life and family - again tying in with the respect demanded by the older generations. Sometimes they can end up being a trifle condescending and excessively demanding of the youngest generations, a generation that, at the moment, includesShow MoreRelatedCultural Differences Between The East And West Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesCultural differences between the east and west There is a great different between the cultures of western country and eastern country. The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole. Due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, they grew up in their own ways with few cultural exchange so cultural differences has been formed a lot. I’m going to describe the differences in threeRead MoreExamine the Roles of Hierarchy and Power Within East and Western Enterprises1157 Words   |  5 PagesContents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Culture............................................................................................................................................. 2 Eastern culture versus Western culture ........................................................................................... 3 Power Distance Index (PDI): Geert Hofstede ..................Read MoreAnalysis Of Ayaan Hirsi Ali Speaks Of Honor Killings And Forced Marriages1519 Words   |  7 Pagesforced marriages in Middle Eastern society in the The AHA Foundation 2nd Annual Conference. She begins with describing her personal situation when she was younger; her arranged marriage to a relative and then her escape to the Netherlands at the age of twenty-two in an effort to avoid this marriage where she was met with an entirely different culture where the pressure of the honor of the fam ily was not forced upon females by both female and male parties within the family. She noted how Dutch womenRead MoreHow Education Can Be Run And Who Should Benefit From It?873 Words   |  4 Pagesacross cultures. Those who belong to the Eastern and Western cultures share similar views of education being the key to success, yet both cultures have their own views on how to get to that point of success. Therefore, most cultures have very different views on how an education system should be run and who should benefit from it. Comparing four popular world cultures, there are significant differences in the role education plays between each. This paper will explore not only the differences in theRead MoreRelationships Between Western And Western Culture1182 Words   |  5 PagesIntertextual relationships between texts exist to influence a reader’s perception and add layers of depth to the texts’ meanings resulting in a heightened experience and a more significant compreh ension of the texts’ ideas. Detecting such intertextual relationships between two wildly different texts; Walt Disney’s 1994 animated musical epic, The Lion King, and Studio Gainax’s 2007 animated mecha television series, Gurren Lagann, has enriched my understanding of the differences between the texts’ representationRead MoreWomens Pain Perception in Childbirth738 Words   |  3 Pagesare divided into Middle-Eastern women and Western women. The women ranged in ages from nineteen to thirty-eight. There were thirty people from the Western group and that consisted of women whose mothers were born in Europe, the US or another English speaking country. 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Another woman author, Leila Abouzeid, explores similar elements in the work Return to Childhood, which is based in islamic Morocco. Fernea, who the women of the harem call Beeja, presents experiential information about the life of both women and men and her role within her husband s life as it reflects upon this eastern culture. This provides for an interesting perspective about the different roles of men and women in distant eastern cultures. Abouzeid also comments on family structureRead MoreCultural Differences between the West and East716 Words   |  3 Pagescertain cultures, it is more than apparent, that the set of beliefs will be very much different. This essay sets it goal to compare Western World, here represented by Europe and the USA, and Eastern World, represented by the Eastern and the Southeastern Asia. While most of the Eastern Asia is heavily tr aditional because of influence of Confucianism and Taoism, the West is more liberal and atheistic. Because of this, these two cultures parts away in questions of family traditions, family bonds, generalRead MoreThai vs Western Culture1605 Words   |  7 Pages Many countries have different religions and cultures. Culture is a form of human intellectual achievements. It is like learning a human’s behavior pattern. It does not matter what background you have or which part of the world you are from, everybody has a culture in them in some way. It involves interactions between people, for example verbal communication, non verbal communication and or facial expressions. For verbal communication people tend to greet each other in the politest way using common

Sound and Structure arranging in performance Serhan Osman Free Essays

gIntroduction In this assignment I will endeavour to reflect on the process of re-arranging the Turkish song ‘Don Desem’ (If I say ‘come back’), particularly focusing on my dual role as composer and performer. I will refer to a variety of musical components, namely; the genre, scale and modes, harmony, song structure, texture, timbre, incorporating the methods applied to best effectively convey my project to my ensemble. In compiling this essay I will draw on the works of a variety of academic theorists In his book on Sound and Structure, John Paynter states a composer’s arrangement is creative however; the interpretative role of the performer also calls for inventiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Sound and Structure: arranging in performance Serhan Osman or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Paynter, J. 1992:11p) Therefore this challenge of music re-arrangement forces artistic creativity, discipline and music style adaptation. Hence, if you perform the same material three times, and on each occasion with a different group of musicians, our stylistic idioms and steeped conventions will automatically alter certain elements of the song. My ensemble consisted of six selected members, of which all performed by ear. This influenced me greatly when notating my written music score, as spending hours on writing a detailed complex score would only result in the performer spending hours translating and interpreting what I wanted to achieve. Our different artistic backgrounds and dissimilar interest in music genres proved not to be an issue as my group possessed good skill, flair and discipline on their instrument throughout rehearsals. When selecting the members of my group, I knew very little about my peers but I gave particular thought to the choice of timbres available to me. Although there were to some degree a limited choice of instruments, I approached this problem in reverse asking the question, what can I do with the resources available to meLook at the characteristics of the timbres available to meHow can they be used? These considerations were influential on the instrumentation and members chosen for the arrangement. This group consisted of a drummer who came from an R’n’B background, a bass player that only played bass for the purpose of this project, two percussionists; one playing the Conga’s and the other a female playing tambourine and maracas, a male lead guitarist influenced by Turkish rock, and myself, a male keyboardist that predominantly played by ear. Further considerations were given to the musical aptitude of each player which influenced me to transpose the pitch of the song a whole tone down as the guitarist was more familiar and flexible in the key of F major in terms of solo playing. In his work, ‘Paynter’ refers to stylistic change as a renewal of musical language and colour giving the composition a new perception of reality (Paynter, J. 1992). With reference to melody/harmony, timbre, texture, dynamics and rhythm, my aim was to modify certain characteristics of ‘Don Desem’ without losing its main identity as a composition, yet adding a feeling of originality with the resources available to me. The lead guitarist took the place of the vocals and played the vocal melody lines. The composition took an instrumental path and as a keyboard player I provided accompaniment to the lead guitar melody forming a heterophony texture. However, within the last chorus the keyboard right-hand harmonises with a piano voice together with the guitar melody forming melodic counterpoint. I found the melody to be inseparably connected with its supporting harmony particularly in reference to its cadence points where the final note of the melody in the chorus sections fall onto the tonic (I). In terms of harmony and scale the key of the piece was not straight forward. The melody derives from the minor scale mode of ’A phrygian’. This scale is played from the pitch a major third above the major scale’s tonic. The resulting scale is minor and as the A becomes the new tonal centre the minor third between the A and the C provides a minor quality. If we build a chord on the tonic, third and fifth, results in a minor chord. As this scale contained one flat; Bb, and as it is the third degree scale in the F major scale the diatonic chords of F major are used. Occasionally the guitarist uses the phrygian dominant, representative of ‘flamenco’ music and the Arabic ‘hicaz’ scale. This is produced by sharpening the third degree scale of the phrygian mode creating a polymodal scale i.e. the use of two different modes simultaneously. Music Theory Q A, 1987, (Online) available at http://www.ars-nova.com/Theory%20QA/Q56.html (accessed on 24 March 2011) The song took the structure of ‘Intro, Chorus, Pre-Verse, Verse, Bridge, Chorus, Solo, Chorus, Outro’ and various musical devices were used to embellish the composition such as; call and response, ornaments, clean breaks, syncopation, use of chromatic notes, variation, passing chords, substitution chords and changes in dynamics most of which are symbolic of Latin, Jazz and Blues music. Daryl Runswick in his book on ‘Rock, Jazz and Pop’ reinforces that the drummer and percussionists help in accentuating the style of the song adding various textures to the drum pattern in the rhythm section. (Runswick, D. 1992:77p) It was crucial that the bass guitar interlocked with this Latin Bossa-Nova drum pattern regulating constant syncopated emphases on the first and third beat of the bar. I used the root note of the bass line to create minor and major 9ths throughout the song creating suspense and tension. For e.g. by playing a Dm7 on the right-hand of the keyboard har mony over a Bb in the bass created a Bbmajor9 (IImaj9) often heard in Jazz music. On examining the title of the song; ‘If I say come back’ one can relate to the overall mood of the compositions harmony. The title is an indirect question which requires an answer leaving the listener in a state of ambiguity. This vagueness is constantly supported in the harmony with the supertonic of Bbmaj7 (chord IImaj7) which acts as an approach chord to the minor Tonic (I). The right hand chord progression within the chorus elegantly descends from the subdominant (IV) to the tonic (I) in hindsight forming a plagal cadence answer with the addition of passing chords in between. This step-wise motion emphasises the uncertain feeling and emotion within the listener. The original song uses a fade-out effect,t however, to add further tension and frustration to this feeling of bewilderment, the song comes to a close dramatically ending on the ’subdominant’ (chord IV). This conclusion may be perceived as to forming a plagal cadence, especially if the song was t o continue eventually arriving back to the tonic at the end of the chorus. The rhythm style and guitar nuances did not alone provide a difference in stylistic change, but also the similar chord progression used in the harmony adds new meaning, emotion and feeling within the composition. Conclusion This challenge of re-arranging an original work brought upon us a new and exciting way of thinking and re-creating. However, in considering each musicians background and style technique, this inevitably pushed the characteristics of the piece far greater than I had imagined. This task required the application of both practice and theory of popular music performance, proving to be an extremely fascinating and rewarding experience for myself and my ensemble. Bibliography Paynter, John (1992) ‘’Sound and Structure’’ Cohn, Lawrence (1993) ‘’Nothing but the Blues’’ Bailey, Derek (1980) ‘’Improvisation: Its nature and Practice in Music’’ Beadle, (1993) ‘’On Sound and Structure’’. In John Paynters, Sound and Structure, p37. Runswick, Daryl (1992) ‘’Rock, Jazz and Pop arranging’’ Shuker, Roy (2008) ‘’Understanding Popular Music Culture’’ Taylor, Eric (1999) ‘’First Steps in Music Theory’’ Grades 1-5 Music Theory Q A, 1987, (Online) available at http://www.ars-nova.com/Theory%20QA/Q56.html (accessed on 24 March 2011) Discography Artist: Orhan Olmez Album: Su Misali (2003) Track: ‘Don Desem’ How to cite Sound and Structure: arranging in performance Serhan Osman, Essay examples

Entrepreneurshipis delivering creativity in business

Question: Describe Entrepreneurship? Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship is the much-discussed topic in the universe for creating new business model for the world. As observed by AÃÅ' cs and Szerb (2011), creativity in business is the sole responsible in sustaining the business. The fact is also observed in case of generating the new ideas for products in electronic and software business. Further, it is also true that entrepreneurship helps the world of business in acquiring the best talent in the industry (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011). As said by Baron (2012), entrepreneurship provides an opportunity of utilizing resources more effectively due to its innovativeness and prior constraint of availability of fund (Kalantaridis and Fletcher, 2012). It is also established that entrepreneurship holds a great responsibility in creating employability in an economy (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011). The persons engage in this process are known as entrepreneur who does business but with different characteristics and quality of business. Therefore , they are termed with a different name by the experts (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011). Entrepreneurship may be defined as the process of doing the business where new ideas can be generated and implemented in generating productivity (Dhliwayo, 2014). As criticized by Kalantaridis and Fletcher (2012), entrepreneurship is not only a process but also it is a system where both systematic and unsystematic operation can be observed while doing the business in the market. There are many theories relevant to this process are present where entrepreneurship are categorized in many ways. Though fundamentally, they all have same models of developing in a way (Kalantaridis and Fletcher, 2012). The process is mainly divided into five steps discovery, concept development, resource allocation, actualization and collection of realized income (Klyver and Foley, 2012). Some critics will allow the process starts with discovery and innovation as this model is the oldest one as eligibility for being an entrepreneur (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011; KOVEOS, 2013). However, argument from Korsgaa rd (2011), states that entrepreneurship need not to be innovative by means of products or service, it might be the value proposed to the customers, which acts as a unique one. In a deceptive note it might be defined as the small business in a line where there are many differences in doing the whole process at a time. It is also true that small business differs from the stage venturing to customization with a different characteristic as it has least similarity with small business (Klyver and Foley, 2012). Characteristics of entrepreneurship are many as it grows by number for the different types of entrepreneurship but with having similarity in their fundamentalism outlook. The characteristics also provide a path to indicate the source of entrepreneurs as well as the trait of them (Klyver and Foley, 2012). From the memorable research of Peter Drucker, it may be concluded that entrepreneurs come from those families who entertain to do something different in life and further, people with adventurous minded people would benefit more in this profession (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011; Lyons et al. 2012). He also cited that education is not a prior requirement for being an entrepreneur although it is an added advantage to reduce the cost of operation initially (Kalantaridis and Fletcher, 2012). The criticism has been risen in this case as many researchers have empirically proved from the past data of successful entrepreneurs from all over the world that education is not necessary for becoming an entrepreneur and it does not add any advantage in operation cost (Read, 2011). From the scholarly research of Weber (2012), produces the result on the average age for successful entrepreneur in USA revealing the fact that within age of 22-25, the most successful entrepreneurs have been started their business and many of them had no degree higher than high school. Prior experience also provides knowledge of business to the entrepreneurs (Klyver and Foley, 2012). The level of confidence is the main cause of becoming an entrepreneur as in case it provides them a mental bullishness for encountering the adverse situations in this process as it is observed in many times that creativity may not be enough for delivering the desired output (AÃÅ' cs and Szerb, 2011; Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011). The strong personal traits might transform an entrepreneur into a leader for the process for which leader must show his passion and determination towards achieving the objectives as set. The dubiousness in relative characteristics of a person may create a sustainable solution for an entrepreneurship as many researches has concluded that it enhance the decision making ability among the entrepreneurs. The process of entrepreneurship has concluded that process shows an outcome of the self-depended and strong affinity towards adaptability of any situation (Bergmann, 2011; Kalantaridis and Fletcher, 2012). The development of entrepreneurship is also influenced by government policies as it recognizes the encouraging factors in the policy that may drive the entrepreneurs in developing the process (Barinaga, 2013). The quality of entrepreneurs is the key inputs as it delivers the process a lot in actuating the normal steps of success here (Klyver and Foley, 2012). As stated by IoraitÄ— (2014), quality such as risk appetite, hard work and accountability are the basic in this case that delivers an entrepreneurship process to build the empire of innovative business model to draw attention of the customers. The model was supported by Klyver and Foley (2012), adding that analyzing capability, dynamicity, presence of mind and strong desire are important in having a better process as it might produce better visionary for perceived values for the process as a whole. The whole process is depended on the organizer as it draws an attentive measure for the entrepreneurs in making the process successful. The socialists argued that in this process of business, an organizer must be a self-motivator where he must has the attitude of imitate the good for the process and develop the process rendezvous increment from venturing to top (Read, 2011). There are many categories of entrepreneurs by means of functional differentiation where some of the basic characteristics do not alter - at some point of view, those show different nature in using principle. The classification from the Kalantaridis and Fletcher (2012), met the majority of the classification of entrepreneurship such as innovativeness, imitativeness, Fabians and drone. The first one is clearly goes with the main characteristics as it is in line with the fundamentally stable characteristic for being an entrepreneur in case (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011). Here most activities in the organization hold the line of creativeness in every stage of operation while overcoming the challenges (Klyver and Foley, 2012). Imitation is a popular way to become an entrepreneur as it provides an opportunity to the challenging minded people to take responsibility of developing a countries situation to unemployment. Further, imitation is a great answer to reduction of cost in research and development at corporate level for generating growth in business and margin. The cautious and different from others as being risk averse person in nature, Fabian makes no sense of becoming an innovator in this process as they follow only the basic challenges and avoids the newer one, which makes them to imitate others at the margin of failure (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2011). Conclusion From the above discussion, it is understood that entrepreneurship is a process of doing business where entrepreneurs take the most important place. Entrepreneurs make the movement in this process with either innovativeness or imitation and therefore, they develop the process with the influence of many factors ranging from personal trait to government policies. Further, the process is also quality driven as delivering the process a standard system in future. Reference lists Books Weber, R. (2012).Evaluating entrepreneurship education. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. Read, S. (2011).Effectual entrepreneurship. London: Routledge. Bygrave, W. and Zacharakis, A. (2011).Entrepreneurship. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Baron, R. (2012).Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. AÃÅ' cs, Z. and Szerb, L. (2011).The global entrepreneurship and development index 2011. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Journals Barinaga, E. (2013). Politicising Social Entrepreneurship Three Social Entrepreneurial Rationalities Toward Social Change.Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(3), pp.347-372. Bergmann, H. (2011). Entrepreneurship disparities within Switzerland Do tax and language differences play a role?.Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 23(7-8), pp.523-548. Dhliwayo, S. (2014). Entrepreneurship and Competitive Strategy: An Integrative Approach.Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(1), pp.115-135. IoraitÄ—, M. (2014). ICT and entrepreneurship: social network marketing.JESI, pp.19-29. Kalantaridis, C. and Fletcher, D. (2012). Entrepreneurship and institutional change: A research agenda.Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 24(3-4), pp.199-214. Klyver, K. and Foley, D. (2012). Networking and culture in entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 24(7-8), pp.561-588. Korsgaard, S. (2011). Entrepreneurship as translation: Understanding entrepreneurial opportunities through actor-network theory.Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 23(7-8), pp.661-680. KOVEOS, P. (2013). DEVELOPMENTAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A RESEARCH FIELD.J. Dev. Entrepreneurship, 18(02), p.1301002. Lyons, T., Alter, T., Audretsch, D. and Augustine, D. (2012). Entrepreneurship and Community: The Next Frontier of Entrepreneurship Inquiry.Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 2(1).

Analysis of Sylvia Plaths poem daddy

Analysis of Sylvia Plaths poem daddy To attempt to summarize "Daddy" would be an injustice to its many layers of meaning. However, in short, it is a poem in which the speaker tells of her father's early death in her life and the lingering effects it had on her, resulting in an unhealthy preoccupation with him and a desperate need to rid him from her life so she can finally move on. It is not immediately apparent whether the term "daddy" refers to the speaker's actual father or perhaps something larger, broader. The poem has been interpreted by many to be a vengeful outcry against the grip her father has had on her since his death. However, it becomes apparent that Plath herself is the speaker in "Daddy" and the rage she expresses is aimed largely at Ted Hughes, her ex-husband, while she simultaneously mourns this final loss of her father.Naval officers standing with William Morris HughesThe emotions conveyed still echo with a sense of what her father must have meant to her, such as when she refers to his dead body being carried away in a body-bag as a "bag full of God" (line 8) and when she laments, "I used to pray to recover you." Her father died at a time when she was so attached to him, and yet hadn't had enough time to get to know him. He was ripped from her grasp before she had time to break away on her own. The harsh resentment felt by the speaker is not directed at her father, but rather at the failed replacement, Tom Hughes. She describes her suicide attempt at the age of 20, confessing the reasoning behind such a course of action: "At twenty I tried to die/ And get back, back, back to you" (lines 58-59).Ted Hughes doesn't appear...

Parents Roll in Preventing Child Obesity

Parents Roll in Preventing Child Obesity Free Online Research Papers Sadly, child obesity has become one of the major health problems world wide. As I began my research, there was no doubt in my mind that proving the parent’s lack of taking responsibility for the health of their children was going to be an easy point to prove. As I dug deeper and deeper, I found that I was quite wrong, and that it is unfair to place blame on the parents alone when there are so many other factors that have to be considered first. There have been actual cases, that will be mentioned later in this paper, where parents have been charged with felony charges and faced up to 15 years behind bars before authorities even considered the possibilities that there could be health issues within the individual that suffers from obesity that are beyond the control of the parents or the child. (Dolgoff 2010). Is breaking up a family, or parents being sentenced to prison the answer to solving the growing problem of child obesity? I think not. March 23-A South Carolina woman was charged with 2 felony charges of neglect as her 14 year old reached an outrageous weight of 555lbs. (Dolgoff 2010). My first initial response to that was to immediately blame the mother and father allowing this to happen. Apparently, it was the same initial thought of authorities as well. Who’s to say that this 14 year old did not have other health issues leading to being obese? Where do we draw the line when it comes to charging the parents for neglect when there could actually be an unknown genetic abnormality within an individual? Some individuals are deficient (or resistant to) the effects of a protein called leptin. Leptin is what tells our brain that we are full and no longer need to eat. (Dolgoff 2010). It has been shown in studies with mice that when having such deficiency, it is possible to never have the feeling of â€Å"being full† and always remain hungry resulting in overeating and in turn becoming obese. How is it possible to place blame on one’s parents before knowing for sure that a child does not suffer from this genetic abnormality? I feel that the topic I have researched is so important because of the number of children growing up with low self-esteem, children who are picked on, and judged by their peers, suffer from isolation, low school attendance, along with the dangers of future health problems. In my research, I give examples of why it is or is not fair to place blame on parents of obese children, especially when it comes to children that attend school daily. Although it is the parents’ obligation to see that they are meeting the needs of their child’s nutritional intake in the home, it is out of their control as to what they are eating outside of the home. How is a parent to know that the money that is sent with their child to buy a turkey sandwich is not spent buying ice cream and a soda instead? It is easy for a child that goes to school every day to have access to food that can be a factor in their weight gain, but if a child has not grown up with junk food readily available on a daily basis in the home (since birth), it is not likely for that child to crave or desire the junk food away from the home. Below are a few important, simple, yet so significant things that were listed by several of the researchers that parents can do to prevent their child from becoming overweight: Pay attention to your child. Show them that you care and let them know that they are important. (Lissau I, Sorensen 1994). Don’t use food as a comfort measure. (Burch H. 1973). Don’t closely monitor the amounts your child eats ornag your child to eat at mealtime. This can interfere with your child’s response to hunger and feeling full. The two most important basis for healthy eating behaviors. Don’t focus on the weight. Instead, focus on healthy living: good eating habits physical activity. Girls whose moms were worried that their daughter would be overweight were more likely to have abnormal eating behaviors. (Epstein LH, Myers MD, Raynor HA, Saelens BE 1998). Gayatri Chatrath, a nutritionist at the Centre for Dietary Counseling, also feels that a diet plan for children should not be rigid or else there are chances they wont stick to it. (Mail Today 2009). Ana Lindsay, Katarina Sussner, Juhee Kim, and Steven Gortmaker argue that interventions aimed at preventing childhood overweight and obesity should involve parents as important forces for change in their childrens behaviors. They begin by reviewing evidence on how parents can help their children develop and maintain healthful eating and physical activity habits, thereby ultimately helping prevent childhood overweight and obesity. They show how important it is for parents to understand how their roles in preventing obesity change as their children move through critical developmental periods, from before birth and through adolescence. (Bosely 2010) Researchers, policymakers, and practitioners should also make use of such information to develop more effective interventions and educational programs that address childhood obesity right where it startsat home. Evaluating school-based obesity-prevention interventions that include components targeted at parents is on the rise. Although much research has been done on how parents shape their childrens eating and physical activity habits, surprisingly few high-quality data exist on the effectiveness of such programs. Programs and cost-effectiveness studies aimed at improving parents ability to shape healthful eating and physical activity behaviors in their children are also on the rise. Preventing and controlling childhood obesity will require multifaceted and community-wide programs and policies, with parents having a critical role to play. Successful intervention efforts must involve and work directly with parents from the earliest stages of child development to support healthful p ractices both in and outside of the home. (ERIC 2006). In one early study, Hughes and colleagues worked with data from 718 low-income Black, White, or Hispanic parents of 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers in Texas and Alabama. Parents filled out Hughess feeding-styles questionnaire. Kids heights and weights were measured to determine their BMI, or body mass index-an indicator of body fatness. Among other findings, the team determined that the indulgent feeding style was significantly associated with higher child BMI. Hughes, along with Theresa A. Nicklas of the Houston center and other co-investigators, documented the study in a 2008 article in the Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Hughes also collaborated in another analysis of data from the same volunteers. For that study, led by Michigan State University nutrition researcher Sharon O. Hoerr, scientists scrutinized the relation between feeding styles and how much of a given type of food kids ate-between 3 p.m. and bedtime-on three different days. In an article published in 2009 in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, the scientists report that kids whose parents feeding styles were either indulgent or uninvolved ate the least fruit, 100-percent-fruit juice, vegetables, or dairy foods, as compared to kids whose parents had authoritarian feeding styles. Ironically, the least-eaten foods were those that experts agree are the most helpful for weight management, Hughes notes. The studies are among the most extensive of their kind for this demographic. Hopefully the research will help shape meal-time parenting across America for the better. (Woods, Marcia 2010). Experts warn that diabetes and heart diseases could rise dramatically in the next 25 years unless the problem is tackled, overwhelming Indias already over- burdened healthcare system. If steps are not taken to reverse the course, the children of each successive generation seem destined to be fatter and sicker than their parents. (Mail Today 2009). Blaming fast foods and TV addiction for this epidemic is both convenient and shifts the onus, the experts say. The real culprits are parents, who have a huge role to play in preventing their children from becoming obese. It is the prime responsibility of parents to ensure healthy meals at home encourage an active lifestyle and become good role models for their kids through their own actions, (Dr. Misra 2009). Nutritionists say parents must be more involved in what their child is eating and monitor his/ her food intake. Parents are too busy these days to pay attention to their kids diet. They hand out large amounts of pocket money to relieve their guilt, which kids spend on junk food, says Nilanjana Singh, consultant nutritionist at the Pushpawati Singhania Research Institute for Liver, Renal Digestive Diseases. Now that I have touched a little on the parents’ role in preventing child obesity, I would like to take a minute to touch on the flip side of the coin. Although ninety percent of obese children are obese as a result of the parenting roles and influences, there are other factors that can cause obesity that have nothing to do with the parents. There needs to be an awareness of the occasions in which a child may be suffering from the resistance of the protein leptin. It is important that before blaming the parents with their children being obese, every angle has been evaluated first. I feel that it’s important for us to not stereotype, judge, blame, or talk about an obese individual until the underlying possibilities of other health issues have been considered or until you yourself has had to walk in the shoes and live the life of an obese child. References Burch, H. (1973), Eating Disorders. NY: Basic Books; pg 1of5. Retrieved Oct 4, 2010, from www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/fightobesityc.htm Boseley, Sarah. (2010, July 17). Child obesity ‘could amount to neglect. The Hindu. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 2082838771). Dolgoff, Joanna. MD. (23 March). Child Obesity 2010: Parents Face Abuse Charges. McClatchy Tribune Business News. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1990992441). Gortmaker, Steven; Kim, Juhee; Lindsay, Ana C.; Sussner, Katarina M., (2006) The Role of Parents in Preventing Child Obesity, Future of Children, v16 n1 p169-186 Spr 2006., Retrieved September 26, 1010 from ERIC database. (Document EJ795887) Kashani IA, Nader PR. The role of Pediatricians in the Prevention Coronary Heart Disease in Childhood. Jap. Heart J (1986), 27:911. Retrieved from Med umich.edu/your child/topic/fightobesithy.lhtm. October 4, 2010 Mayo, Olivia. (2010, March 28). Get involved. Sun Journal,. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1996795311). Mission: Readiness; Retired Military Brass Support First Ladys Call to Reduce Child Obesity, Improve Nutrition. (2010, February). Biotech Business Week,4221. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete. (Document ID: 1964174191). West, F., Morawska, A., Joughin, K.. (2010). The Lifestyle Behavior Checklist: evaluation of the factor structure. Child Care, Health and Development, 36(4), 508. Retrieved September 21, 2010, from ProQuest Education Journals. (Document ID: 2068068651). Widdowsow, E.M.,(1974), Changes in pigs due to under nutrition before birth, and for one, two, and tree years, and the affects of rehabilitation. In Roche AF, Falkner F., editors. Medicine and Biology: Vol. 49. New York and London. Plenum Press: 1974.165. Retrieved from Med umich.edu/your child/topic/fightobesithy.lhtm. Oct. 4, 2010 Wood, M.. (2010). HEY MOM, WHATS FOR DINNER? Parents Feeding Styles May Affect Kids Obesity. Agricultural Research, 58(3), 6. Retrieved September 28, 2010, from Career and Technical Education. (Document ID: 1995208771). Research Papers on Parent's Roll in Preventing Child ObesityPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Should minors who commit violent crimes be tried as adults Research Paper

Should minors who commit violent crimes be tried as adults - Research Paper Example but before a concrete decision is made there are a few hurdles that are to be crossed and issues to be looked at, and only after the examination of these issues the pros and cons of such hurdles are discussed one can reach a decision that would not only benefit the minor but also the society as a whole. This paper would look at some of these issues and cater to solutions of those issues by highlighting the advantages of those solutions. The first problem that arises in the decision of treating a minor as an adult in a trial is to know whether a minor has the intellectual and moral capacity to judge the consequences of his crime. In this fast paced modern world where almost everyone has access to media of some sort let it be movies or internet, which makes people aware of crimes and there consequences. I believe that it is one of the most basic things a child learns in his early years that for every bad action there will be consequences and it’s through this idea a child learns what is right and what is wrong. A child who is aware of the fact that a crime is a bad deed he must then be aware of the consequences it will bring. Now a days with the increase in violence around everyone it is just hard to believe that a child not matter how young he is, is unable to understand the effects of violence. It would be childish on our part to assume that a minor who is willing to commit a crime as heinous as murder is in nocent. A child who knows how to use a gun or any weapon to kill someone or use it for violence is fully aware of the consequences it will bring on himself, victim and the society, Reaves (2001). At what age then children develop that moral sense and understand the consequences of their actions? The solution to this problem would be to find a way to know whether a minor under question has developed that moral sense or not. Before the decision is made of

William Caslon typeface analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

William Caslon typeface analysis - Term Paper Example The process of type founding by William Caslon constituted four separate tasks. The first stage in this intricate step was punch cutting which involved carving the mirror image of a character, letter or figure in relief. This process was done on the end of shank annealed steal that was later tempered. The second process in production of type entailed chasing which involved ornamenting metal by tools and a hammer crafted for indenting. Following this process was casting which entailed placing the matrix in mold hand and consequently the chamber mold was realigned to fit the dimensions of the cast character. The eventual pieces were designed to be a three dimensional product of the character cast from the punch. The final operation consisted of dressing the type which included type press preparation such as breaking off the jet and filing off mold protrusions. It is of importance to note that the Caslon types symbolized functionality, strength and presence of legibility. Calson proceeded to cut very many non-Latin types such as Armenian, Coptic, Arabic, Greek and Hebrew. Some of the notable fonts by William Caslon included the ; Big Caslon, Caslon Graphique, Caslon Old Face, ITC Caslon no. 224, ITC Founders Caslon, ITC Founder’s Caslon Ornaments. The fonts designed by Caslon exhibited a modelling delicacy and a design variety that was not evident in the Dutch types. One of the distinct differences between the Caslon types and Dutch types was monotony. In effect, the Caslon types were less monotonous compared to the Dutch types which were characteristically monotonous. To this end, the smaller size Caslon letters when analyzed were not perfect individually. However, their mass effect was agreeable. The Caslon Old style no. 471 is regarded as the metal version that is considerably related to William Caslon’s originals. Furthermore, the Caslon Old style Italics and Romans are produced from the original

The Ethical and Legal Issues Which Arise with Health Care Essay

The Ethical and Legal Issues Which Arise with Health Care - Essay Example The case of Martin is one which carries interest because of the known concerns that pertain to stroke as well as the capacity which the hospital had to respond, but didn’t. This first began when Martin was admitted to the hospital, which raises ethical concern with the responses that were required and not acted upon. It is known that when an individual suffers from stroke, certain reflexes began to be prompted, specifically to try to balance out the body in a different manner. With this, is a known change with the body that leads to pneumonia, often which leaves the body too weak for an operation. Feeding tubes and alternative feeding methods are common expectations with patients, especially if the stroke is too severe for post – stroke patients. It is noted that this is the only way to not have reflexes respond and to make the right movements for nutrition and alterations for feeding among patients. The known problem which arises is one which indicates that the hospita l should have immediately responded to the conditions in terms of feeding and nutrition, as opposed to hiring a speech therapist to try to change the condition of Martin first. Another problem which is associated with the case of Martin is based on the inability for him to talk and the dependency which was created with his condition in the hospital. This issue is furthered with the processes which were not carried through, not only in terms of the nutritious and physical state, but also in response to the other difficulties which are known to accompany those suffering from a stroke. This is inclusive of psychological responses, social difficulties, changes in cognitive ability and personality processes. Hospital personnel are required to understand the ethical concerns and the way in which this links to the

Political and Economic Factors in International Relations

Political and Economic Factors in International Relations Faculty of Economics and Management Which of the two suppose nowadays a greater danger for justice in IR: political or economic factors Justice in International Relations Introduction This essay raises the question of which factors pose threat to Justice in International Relations at present. It is centered around idea that these factors, which are not only economic and political in nature, but also historical, derive from the domestic practices and ideas of various states. There are three study cases that show from various perspectives how in different ways the internal order spills into international and what set of ideas and methods influence justice in international relations. The complex issue of Justice in International Relations presupposes that we pose and define, at least in this essay the view on the role and the nature of the Justice on the international arena. Whether this notion contradicts or not with the opinion of some major scholars on how just the international order is and can be, it is crucial for us to further follow the logical way of this essay. In my opinion, the international order, interstate relations since the start of the human history had very little space for the just approach: even the civilized nations were generally led by the right of the strongest to do what he wills. Correlated, perhaps, by the power of a free human though and technological advancement, still, the rule of sheer military power was something to be revered. And it has been recorder well in the Greek and Roman history through the famous Melian dialogue. This excerpt of it demonstrates clearly the ways of approaching the international business of the day by perh aps, the most civilized and humane people of the time: Of the gods we believe, and of men we know, that by a necessary law of their nature they rule wherever they can. And it is not as if we were the first to make this law, or to act upon it when made: we found it existing before us, and shall leave it to exist forever after us; all we do is to make use of it, knowing that you and everybody else, having the same power as we have, would do the same as we do (Strassler 1996). We see clearly how little space is given to the notion of justice. Even less was expected when the nations dealt with barbaric people or great empires of the East, despotic in the nature. The same is as well expressed in the Ancient Roman history: when faced with overwhelming forces of the Gauls in 390 BC, the famous vae victis (woe to the conquered ones) was coined. And this lesson of injustice, of what might happen to the ones that fail, was learned well by the Romans and later they would go on to establish the ir own rule on those weaker and less successful. Hardly there was any discussion on the actual righteousness of their actions. Yet, in the cruelty of the civilized ones, there is found a set of ideas that would later contribute so much to a completely differing set of ideas and notions, a whole new historical perspective of people living in completely different, just and fair conditions. These ideas, in my opinion were first the ideas of freedom and domination first coined by the Athenian political leader Pericles, and second Greco-Roman stoicism and cynicism and the concepts coined within this philosophy (like cosmopolitanism). Both set of views, in part with many others, undoubtedly, served later as the cornerstone for the revived Western Civilization, which, at least by name, calls itself humane and adhering to the principles of justice, human rights, democracy and opposing despotism. The description of these ideas, undervalued in modern times, and the way they shaped the Wester n notion, is not a part of this essay, yet, it is important to say that they are the ones that called for a dialogue whenever the West acted oppressively towards the rest of the world, and even more a tool for discussion and social change in the vey western countries themselves. So, we can clearly say that the historical experience of the countries is another important factor influencing their understanding of the domestic justice and hence, justice on the international arena. The more just, democratic, law abiding the society of the country is, the more it correlates with the demands for a fairer world on the international arena. This very important statement will be later developed in the essay. Those countries that did not undergo a certain process of inner development of the ideas on justice and more humane order, have little to contribute to the international system. Moreover, the higher the development of the countrys political and economic system, the deeply economic and pol itical factors influencing the notion of justice both on the domestic and the international level are intertwined. Domestic policies and international order And before looking at the perspective of justice in the international relations, it would be wise to consider several cases of how domestic ideas of justice, as well as practices of it, influence and shape the international approach. The first country to start with, the one that has been dominating international politics ever since the Second World War, is the United States. Being at some point a breakaway from the old and, as seemed obsolete European absolutist ideas, the new state brought the value of republicanism and democracy to the highest level. The very main document of the state was a drastic breakthrough from the Old World and in a way a revolutionized, the dream of many political thinkers of the time. The words of one the main document of the state started with the words: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happ iness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed (Virginia Declaration of Rights). And indeed, from the end of the 19th century up till nowadays for the many oppressed the USA remains the place of freedom, in a way a political ideal to be reached. Not only it is just in itself, but it as well actively engages in establishing freedom and democracy all around the world. Yet, what is important here is to take a closer look at the domestic stance with equality and justice in the USA. Despite the declared equality, economically the population is very diverse. The salary differentiation between the poorest and the richest may vary in 300 times, which is, of course unprecedented. As it was said, the economic fractionalization lead to the fact that different social strata and communities live different lives, with ones striving to have a decent life, while the other many times more than enough then a human being can consume. As the graph suggests, 80% of the American population own only 15.1% of the national wealth. To compare: 50% of the USA population owns 14.5 trillion dollars, the same amount of money could be gathered in 10 years if the tax on the rich would increase by 2%. Such economic inequality undoubtedly spurs political debates in the country. As well, we should take into account that financial diversification goes in hand with ethnic and cultural division of the households. Despite the fact that the just order is guaranteed by the law, existing social institutions, bureaucratic apparatus and the democratic tradition, the income inequality as well as other discrepancies the economic division raises stem into the political sphere and cause debate. And with certain economic groups tied up with the political decision makers, the inequality transforms into a vicious circle: rich and economically affluent influence the politics, thus preserving their positions and becoming more rich, while the ones receiving medium and below medium salary have little say in the decision making and instead are more and more occupied with the process o guaranteeing their financial prospects. Domestic inequality and the practices of economic exploitation clearly is receive continuation on the international arena. Changes in economic inequality over the last 30 years (The Economist) On the international scale we see that in the countries where republican ideas, rule of law, democratic principles, respect to human rights, freedoms are of paramount importance, the economic practices and laws allow for inequality and exploitation in domestic relations, but even more on the international level. MNCs acting in accordance with the law and indeed bringing the change to some third world countries, in fact contribute to the implementation of practices that undermine the attempts to establish international justice through establishment of unfair practices. Thus, the stance of the United States on the international arena is ambiguous on the one hand through establishing relations with the others states and participating in the work of the international organizations, it promotes the political principles established in the country, and are generally favourable for the fairer world, but on the other hand the economic policy through trade and actions of MNCs have a controver sial effect: exploitation of resources and population, cardinally unequal income distribution and often practice of dealing with corrupt politicians and non democratic political regimes. When the primary goal is only to maximize the profit, then the ways of making it in the third world countries have little to do with the notions of promoting justice. Historical factors and views on global order Another study case, this time a country that is not a part of the classical Westetn civilization, is China. Becoming in many ways a modern capitalist economy, its political views on the international arena and its place in it may not fully fall in line with the Western vision of China. Chinese foreign trade is strongly intertwined with the Chinese foreign economy policy. We can define five major principles, characterizing Chinese economy and demanding adherence to them. First, is keeping open world markets for its exports, more than half of which are produced by factories that are wholly or partly owned by foreigners. The second principle is about securing access to international supplies of energy resources and natural resources, which serve a determining factor to the Chinese industrial development. The third principle demands China is to insulate its economy and national wealth from potentially destabilizing international risks. The fourth principle demands that new technologies a re acquired, together with knowhow and skills. The fifth principle presupposes promotion of global expansion of Chinese own industries through foreign investment. It is obvious that in the last decades China is on the rise, both economically and politically, but the question remains how the increase in Chinese domination will affect the global order (de Jonquieres, 2011). Will it be a US competitor? And can it propose a viable alternative to the existing world order? Until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to Chinas imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China perceived itself to be the victim in an unjust world of aggressive, powerful, Western states. Contemporary Chinese perceptions of a just international order have been shaped by such past experiences and encompass a strong element of restitution. Its justice claims start with the Chinese state itself rather than with the needs of a broader glo bal community. Its activity on the international arena can be explained by the need to return the prestige and honour that was presumably lost in the early 20-ies. During the Cold war era Chinese foreign policy was heavily built on the dichotomy of rivalry of the two world powers, using one of them to strengthen themselves. First it was the alliance with Moscow from 1972 with the USA. It as well kept a positive image for the developing world. After the demise of the USSR there appeared a debate among the scholars whether a unipolar or multipolar world is appropriate. Globalisation was seen as a process beneficial for the USA, in which China had to find its place. The international relations had to be democratized. Despite the bright declarations often made by the Chinese officials, the current approach is based around a strategy of bandwagoning and transcending. The first means China adapting to the US and serving as a partner, while the second emphasise the peaceful transition to a more democratic world order. Transcending includes democratizing international relations, promotion of state sovereignty, strong support of the UN. Chinese approach is generally compared with US on the international arena.(Foot 2008) The Chinese approach to Justice in IR during the communist era proposed an another vision of how the relations could be altered. The Three World Theory presupposed that non-aligned states, that want to adhere neither to the comunist, nor to the capitalist world, can work together. Yet, these ideas have never gained power and later Chinese leaders felt in line with a more common view on the international arena. The Three World Theory map proposed by Mao Zedong The increasing importance of China in the International Relations make us listen more attentively to what the leadership of the country says on world order. Yet, as it was demonstrated, the Chinese economic policies go in line with the world practices. And the political and ideological solutions center rather around China itself, then the care of a an alternative, more just order. So, it would not be a wrong generalization to say that many non-Western countries do not contribute to fairer practices and go in line with the general pattern. Spread of negative factors on the regional and international level The last study case, however minor it is in comparison with the two previous ones, demonstrates how political factors influence on the economy and how certain processes taking place in one country, affect the whole region, leading to distribution of the unfair practices. The case here is the political and economic situation in Eastern Europe, and specifically the case of how political and economic practices of one country negatively affect the situation in the whole region. The destructive mechanism of Belarusian authoritarianism on other countries has not been well examined. Often dubbed as the last dictatorship in Europe, Lukashenkas system has proven to remain far more stable than expected. Though not showing great economic progress, remaining politically and economically dependent on Russia, the regime was able to deal with Putins administration, withstand political protests after 2006 elections and 2008 economic crisis. Lukashenka himself built in his own way an effective state structure, with him virtually controlling every significant aspect in politics and economy. However undemocratic the regime may be, with all the violations and electoral fraud during the presidential, parliamentary and local elections, it has been able to remain politically relatively stable for 16 years so far. This, undoubtedly set an example for the governing elite of the neighboring countries, like Russia and Ukraine, Belarusian dictatorship political regime also has a significant economic influence on the economy of Lithuania and to a lesser extent, on the economy of Latvia. We can see how Lithuanian leaders, interested in further economic cooperation with Belarus, especially in the case of transit Belarusian potassium salt, stood as advocates of the Belarusian authoritarian regime and in sometimes gave support to the regime (Belarus: Background and U.S. Policy Concerns). Belarusian contagion spreads in both ways, affecting other states because of the profitable economic cooper ation with Belarus and on personal level, tempting certain officials to breach the law, corrupting their own governmental system. Thus, their state system may become less accountant, transparent, responsive, equitable, legal frameworks become flawed. This is a clear example of how on the regional level political factors in one country spill to the other, making the whole region more corrupt. The bigger conclusion here is as follows: if we leave place for economic and political negotiation with countries with authoritarian or tyrannical regime, we must admit that it will influence. regional and international relations in the negative ways, further spreading contagious practices developed in their countries, that contradict the civilized norms, respect for human rights and the rule of law. To conclude the essay, several main statements should be repeated. First, in my opinion historical experience and evolution is not less important when speaking about the contribution to the justice on the international arena. Secondly, the behavior of the state on the international arena is very correlated with its domestic policy. Third, political and economic factors in the complex systems are intertwined, often it is hard to say precisely, which factor stems from the other. Finally. even if the political factors contribute to international justice, economic factors, and the pursuit for profit contribute to inequality and undermine the notion of justice in international relations. Bibliography Robert B. Strassler, The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, Free Press, 1996, page 352-354 Guy de Jonquieres What power shift to China? ECIPE. Policy briefs. No. 04/2012.ISSN 1653-899. Brussels http://www.ecipe.org/media/publication_pdfs/PB201103.pdf. Viewed on December 17, 2013 Rosemary Foot. Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging. International Affairs 82, 1 http://www.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Foot_-_Chinese_Strategies_-_International_Affairs.pdf. Viewed on December 17, 2013 CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html. Viewed on December 17, 2013 The Most Important Chinese Trade Barriers. Derek Scissors. Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Relations July 19, 2012 http://www.heritage.org/research/testimony/2012/07/the-most-important-chinese-trade-barriers. Viewed on December 17, 2013 Virginia Declaration of Rights http://www.gunstonhall.org/georgemason/human_rights/vdr_first_draft.html Zia Mian and M.V. Ramana, 2010. Imbricated Regional Rivalries and Global Order: South Asia, China and the United States.‘ Belarus: Background and U.S. Policy Concerns. CRS Report for Congress. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32534.pdf The EUs Limited Response to Belarus Pseudo New Foreign Policy. CEPS Policy Brief No. 151, 8 February 2008. http://aei.pitt.edu/7543/1/151.pdf European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. Country strategy paper 2007-2013. http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_nip_belarus_en.pdf 1

African-American Street Gangs in Los Angeles :: Gangs Crime Essays

African-American Street Gangs in Los Angeles In Los Angeles and other urban areas in the United States, the formation of street gangs increased at a steady pace through 1996. The Bloods and the Crips, the most well-known gangs of Los Angeles, are predominately African American[1] and they have steadily increased in number since their beginnings in 1969. In addition, there are over 600 active Hispanic gangs in Los Angeles County with a growing Asian gang population numbering approximately 20,000 members. Surprisingly, little has been written about the historical significance of black gangs in Los Angeles (LA). Literature and firsthand interviews with Los Angeles residents seem to point to three significant periods relevant to the development of the contemporary black gangs. The first period, which followed WWII and significant black migrations from the South, is when the first major black clubs formed. After the Watts rebellion of 1965, the second period gave way to the civil rights period of Los Angeles where blacks, including those who where former club members who became politically active for the remainder of the 1960s. By the early 1970s black street gangs began to reemerge. By 1972, the Crips were firmly established and the Bloods were beginning to organize. This period saw the rise of LA’s newest gangs, which continued to grow during the 1970s, and later formed in several other cities throughout the United States by the 1990s. While black gangs do not make up the larges t or most active gang population in Los Angeles today, their influence on street gang culture nationally has been profound. In order to better understand the rise of these groups, I went into the original neighborhoods to document the history which led to these groups. There are 88 incorporated cities and dozens of other unincorporated places in Los Angeles County (LAC). In the process of conducting this research, I visited all of these places in an attempt to not just identify gangs active in Los Angeles, but to determine their territories. Through several weeks of field work and research conducted in 1996, I identified 274 black gangs in 17 cities and four unincorporated areas in LAC. Post WWII to 1965 The first major period of black gangs in Los Angeles began in the late 1940s and ended in 1965. There were black gangs in Los Angeles prior to this period, but they were small in numbers; little is known about the activity of these groups.